The term nervous system (NS) denotes a composite structure that consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ( Carpenter-1983 ). It is found in all animals capable of coordinated movements ( Erulkar-2024 ). Functionally the NS is a composite system consisting of sensorimotor pathways and loop pathways, which mediate the transmission and processing of electrochemical signals carrying sensory information about a stimulus through evaluative and executive transformations into motor information, which controls behavioral responses and conceptual information manifested as psychological responses ( Bowden-2021 ). Updated 29 Jan 2025.